QEMU-CPU-MODELS(7)

NAME
qemu-cpu-models - QEMU CPU Models

SYNOPSIS

QEMU CPU Modelling Infrastructure manual

DESCRIPTION

  Recommendations for KVM CPU model configuration on x86 hosts

The information that follows provides recommendations for configuring CPU models on x86 hosts. The goals are to maximise performance, while protecting guest OS against various CPU hardware flaws, and optionally enabling live migration between hosts with heterogeneous CPU models.

  Two ways to configure CPU models with QEMU / KVM

1.  Host passthrough

    This passes the host CPU model features, model, stepping, exactly to the guest. Note that KVM may filter out some host CPU model features if they cannot be supported with virtualization. Live migration is unsafe when this mode is used as libvirt / QEMU cannot guarantee a stable CPU is exposed to the guest across hosts. This is the recommended CPU to use, provided live migration is not required.

2.  Named model

    QEMU comes with a number of predefined named CPU models, that typically refer to specific generations of hardware released by Intel and AMD. These allow the guest VMs to have a degree of isolation from the host CPU, allowing greater flexibility in live migrating between hosts with differing hardware. @end table

    In both cases, it is possible to optionally add or remove individual CPU features, to alter what is presented to the guest by default.

    Libvirt supports a third way to configure CPU models known as "Host model". This uses the QEMU "Named model" feature, automatically picking a CPU model that is similar the host CPU, and then adding extra features to approximate the host model as closely as possible. This does not guarantee the CPU family, stepping, etc will precisely match the host CPU, as they would with "Host passthrough", but gives much of the benefit of passthrough, while making live migration safe.

  ABI compatibility levels for CPU models

The x86_64 architecture has a number of ABI compatibility levels defined. Traditionally most operating systems and toolchains would only target the original baseline ABI. It is expected that in future OS and toolchains are likely to target newer ABIs. The table that follows illustrates which ABI compatibility levels can be satisfied by the QEMU CPU models. Note that the table only lists the long term stable CPU model versions (eg Haswell-v4). In addition to what is listed, there are also many CPU model aliases which resolve to a different CPU model version, depending on the machine type is in use.

  x86-64 ABI compatibility levels
Model | baseline | v2 | v3 | v4
486-v1 |  |  |  |
Broadwell-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Broadwell-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Broadwell-v3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Broadwell-v4 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Cascadelake-Server-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Cascadelake-Server-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Cascadelake-Server-v3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Cascadelake-Server-v4 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Cascadelake-Server-v5 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Conroe-v1 | ✅ |  |  |
Cooperlake-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Cooperlake-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Denverton-v1 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Denverton-v2 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Denverton-v3 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Dhyana-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Dhyana-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-Genoa-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
EPYC-Milan-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-Milan-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-Rome-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-Rome-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-Rome-v3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-Rome-v4 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-v3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
EPYC-v4 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
GraniteRapids-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Haswell-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Haswell-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Haswell-v3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Haswell-v4 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Icelake-Server-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Icelake-Server-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Icelake-Server-v3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Icelake-Server-v4 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Icelake-Server-v5 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Icelake-Server-v6 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
IvyBridge-v1 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
IvyBridge-v2 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
KnightsMill-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Nehalem-v1 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Nehalem-v2 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Opteron_G1-v1 | ✅ |  |  |
Opteron_G2-v1 | ✅ |  |  |
Opteron_G3-v1 | ✅ |  |  |
Opteron_G4-v1 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Opteron_G5-v1 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Penryn-v1 | ✅ |  |  |
SandyBridge-v1 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
SandyBridge-v2 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
SapphireRapids-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
SapphireRapids-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Skylake-Client-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Skylake-Client-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Skylake-Client-v3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Skylake-Client-v4 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
Skylake-Server-v1 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Skylake-Server-v2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Skylake-Server-v3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Skylake-Server-v4 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Skylake-Server-v5 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅
Snowridge-v1 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Snowridge-v2 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Snowridge-v3 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Snowridge-v4 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Westmere-v1 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
Westmere-v2 | ✅ | ✅ |  |
athlon-v1 |  |  |  |
core2duo-v1 | ✅ |  |  |
coreduo-v1 |  |  |  |
kvm32-v1 |  |  |  |
kvm64-v1 | ✅ |  |  |
n270-v1 |  |  |  |
pentium-v1 |  |  |  |
pentium2-v1 |  |  |  |
pentium3-v1 |  |  |  |
phenom-v1 | ✅ |  |  |
qemu32-v1 |  |  |  |
qemu64-v1 | ✅ |  |  |

  Preferred CPU models for Intel x86 hosts

The following CPU models are preferred for use on Intel hosts. Administrators / applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.

ClearwaterForest
    Intel Xeon Processor (ClearwaterForest, 2025)

SierraForest, SierraForest-v2
    Intel Xeon Processor (SierraForest, 2024), SierraForest-v2 mitigates the GDS and RFDS vulnerabilities with stepping 3.

GraniteRapids, GraniteRapids-v2
    Intel Xeon Processor (GraniteRapids, 2024)

Cascadelake-Server, Cascadelake-Server-noTSX
    Intel Xeon Processor (Cascade Lake, 2019), with "stepping" levels 6 or 7 only. (The Cascade Lake Xeon processor with stepping 5 is vulnerable to MDS variants.)

Skylake-Server, Skylake-Server-IBRS, Skylake-Server-IBRS-noTSX
    Intel Xeon Processor (Skylake, 2016)

Skylake-Client, Skylake-Client-IBRS, Skylake-Client-noTSX-IBRS}
    Intel Core Processor (Skylake, 2015)

Broadwell, Broadwell-IBRS, Broadwell-noTSX, Broadwell-noTSX-IBRS
    Intel Core Processor (Broadwell, 2014)

Haswell, Haswell-IBRS, Haswell-noTSX, Haswell-noTSX-IBRS
    Intel Core Processor (Haswell, 2013)

IvyBridge, IvyBridge-IBR
    Intel Xeon E3-12xx v2 (Ivy Bridge, 2012)

SandyBridge, SandyBridge-IBRS
    Intel Xeon E312xx (Sandy Bridge, 2011)

Westmere, Westmere-IBRS
    Westmere E56xx/L56xx/X56xx (Nehalem-C, 2010)

Nehalem, Nehalem-IBRS
    Intel Core i7 9xx (Nehalem Class Core i7, 2008)

Penryn
    Intel Core 2 Duo P9xxx (Penryn Class Core 2, 2007)

Conroe
    Intel Celeron_4x0 (Conroe/Merom Class Core 2, 2006)

  Important CPU features for Intel x86 hosts

The following are important CPU features that should be used on Intel x86 hosts, when available in the host CPU. Some of them require explicit configuration to enable, as they are not included by default in some, or all, of the named CPU models listed above. In general all of these features are included if using "Host passthrough" or "Host model".

pcid
    Recommended to mitigate the cost of the Meltdown (CVE-2017-5754) fix.

    Included by default in Haswell, Broadwell & Skylake Intel CPU models.

    Should be explicitly turned on for Westmere, SandyBridge, and IvyBridge Intel CPU models. Note that some desktop/mobile Westmere CPUs cannot support this feature.

spec-ctrl
    Required to enable the Spectre v2 (CVE-2017-5715) fix.

    Included by default in Intel CPU models with -IBRS suffix.

    Must be explicitly turned on for Intel CPU models without -IBRS suffix.

    Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it can be used for guest CPUs.

stibp
    Required to enable stronger Spectre v2 (CVE-2017-5715) fixes in some operating systems.

    Must be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models.

    Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it can be used for guest CPUs.

ssbd
    Required to enable the CVE-2018-3639 fix.

    Not included by default in any Intel CPU model.

    Must be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models.

    Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it can be used for guest CPUs.

pdpe1gb
    Recommended to allow guest OS to use 1GB size pages.

    Not included by default in any Intel CPU model.

    Should be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models.

    Note that not all CPU hardware will support this feature.

md-clear
    Required to confirm the MDS (CVE-2018-12126, CVE-2018-12127, CVE-2018-12130, CVE-2019-11091) fixes.

    Not included by default in any Intel CPU model.

    Must be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models.

    Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it can be used for guest CPUs.

mds-no
    Recommended to inform the guest OS that the host is not vulnerable to any of the MDS variants ([MFBDS] CVE-2018-12130, [MLPDS] CVE-2018-12127, [MSBDS] CVE-2018-12126).

    This is an MSR (Model-Specific Register) feature rather than a CPUID feature, therefore it will not appear in the Linux /proc/cpuinfo in the host or guest. Instead, the host kernel uses it to populate the MDS vulnerability file in sysfs.

    So it should only be enabled for VMs if the host reports @code{Not affected} in the /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/mds file.

taa-no
    Recommended to inform the guest that the host is not vulnerable to CVE-2019-11135, TSX Asynchronous Abort (TAA).

    This is also an MSR feature, therefore it does not show up in the Linux /proc/cpuinfo in the host or guest.

    It should only be enabled for VMs if the host reports Not affected in the /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/tsx_async_abort file.

tsx-ctrl
    Recommended to inform the guest that it can disable the Intel TSX (Transactional Synchronization Extensions) feature; or, if the processor is vulnerable, use the Intel VERW instruction (a processor-level instruction that performs checks on memory access) as a mitigation for the TAA vulnerability. (For details, refer to Intel's deep dive into MDS.)

    Expose this to the guest OS if and only if: (a) the host has TSX enabled; and (b) the guest has rtm CPU flag enabled.

    By disabling TSX, KVM-based guests can avoid paying the price of mitigating TSX-based attacks.

    Note that tsx-ctrl is also an MSR feature, therefore it does not show up in the Linux /proc/cpuinfo in the host or guest.

    To validate that Intel TSX is indeed disabled for the guest, there are two ways: (a) check for the absence of rtm in the guest's /proc/cpuinfo; or (b) the /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/tsx_async_abort file in the guest should report Mitigation: TSX disabled.

bhi-no
    Recommended to inform the guest that the host is not vulnerable to CVE-2022-0001, Branch History Injection (BHI).

    This is also an MSR feature, therefore it does not show up in the Linux /proc/cpuinfo in the host or guest.

    It should only be enabled for VMs if the host reports BHI: Not affected in the /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/spectre_v2 file.

gds-no
    Recommended to inform the guest that the host is not vulnerable to CVE-2022-40982, Gather Data Sampling (GDS).

    This is also an MSR feature, therefore it does not show up in the Linux /proc/cpuinfo in the host or guest.

    It should only be enabled for VMs if the host reports Not affected in the /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/gather_data_sampling file.

rfds-no
    Recommended to inform the guest that the host is not vulnerable to CVE-2023-28746, Register File Data Sampling (RFDS).

    This is also an MSR feature, therefore it does not show up in the Linux /proc/cpuinfo in the host or guest.

    It should only be enabled for VMs if the host reports Not affected in the /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/reg_file_data_sampling file.

  Preferred CPU models for AMD x86 hosts

The following CPU models are preferred for use on AMD hosts. Administrators / applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.

EPYC, EPYC-IBPB
    AMD EPYC Processor (2017)

Opteron_G5
    AMD Opteron 63xx class CPU (2012)

Opteron_G4
    AMD Opteron 62xx class CPU (2011)

Opteron_G3
    AMD Opteron 23xx (Gen 3 Class Opteron, 2009)

Opteron_G2
    AMD Opteron 22xx (Gen 2 Class Opteron, 2006)

Opteron_G1
    AMD Opteron 240 (Gen 1 Class Opteron, 2004)

  Important CPU features for AMD x86 hosts

The following are important CPU features that should be used on AMD x86 hosts, when available in the host CPU. Some of them require explicit configuration to enable, as they are not included by default in some, or all, of the named CPU models listed above. In general all of these features are included if using "Host passthrough" or "Host model".

ibpb
    Required to enable the Spectre v2 (CVE-2017-5715) fix.

    Included by default in AMD CPU models with -IBPB suffix.

    Must be explicitly turned on for AMD CPU models without -IBPB suffix.

    Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it can be used for guest CPUs.

stibp
    Required to enable stronger Spectre v2 (CVE-2017-5715) fixes in some operating systems.

    Must be explicitly turned on for all AMD CPU models.

    Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it can be used for guest CPUs.

virt-ssbd
    Required to enable the CVE-2018-3639 fix

    Not included by default in any AMD CPU model.

    Must be explicitly turned on for all AMD CPU models.

    This should be provided to guests, even if amd-ssbd is also provided, for maximum guest compatibility.

    Note for some QEMU / libvirt versions, this must be force enabled when when using "Host model", because this is a virtual feature that doesn't exist in the physical host CPUs.

amd-ssbd
    Required to enable the CVE-2018-3639 fix

    Not included by default in any AMD CPU model.

    Must be explicitly turned on for all AMD CPU models.

    This provides higher performance than virt-ssbd so should be exposed to guests whenever available in the host. virt-ssbd should none the less also be exposed for maximum guest compatibility as some kernels only know about virt-ssbd.

amd-no-ssb
    Recommended to indicate the host is not vulnerable CVE-2018-3639

    Not included by default in any AMD CPU model.

    Future hardware generations of CPU will not be vulnerable to CVE-2018-3639, and thus the guest should be told not to enable its mitigations, by exposing amd-no-ssb. This is mutually exclusive with virt-ssbd and amd-ssbd.

pdpe1gb
    Recommended to allow guest OS to use 1GB size pages

    Not included by default in any AMD CPU model.

    Should be explicitly turned on for all AMD CPU models.

    Note that not all CPU hardware will support this feature.

  Default x86 CPU models

The default QEMU CPU models are designed such that they can run on all hosts. If an application does not wish to do perform any host compatibility checks before launching guests, the default is guaranteed to work.

The default CPU models will, however, leave the guest OS vulnerable to various CPU hardware flaws, so their use is strongly discouraged. Applications should follow the earlier guidance to setup a better CPU configuration, with host passthrough recommended if live migration is not needed.

qemu32, qemu64
    QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+ (32 & 64 bit variants)

    qemu64 is used for x86_64 guests and qemu32 is used for i686 guests, when no -cpu argument is given to QEMU, or no <cpu> is provided in libvirt XML.

  Other non-recommended x86 CPUs

The following CPUs models are compatible with most AMD and Intel x86 hosts, but their usage is discouraged, as they expose a very limited featureset, which prevents guests having optimal performance.

kvm32, kvm64
    Common KVM processor (32 & 64 bit variants).

    Legacy models just for historical compatibility with ancient QEMU versions.

486, athlon, phenom, coreduo, core2duo, n270, pentium, pentium2, pentium3
    Various very old x86 CPU models, mostly predating the introduction of hardware assisted virtualization, that should thus not be required for running virtual machines.

  Syntax for configuring CPU models

The examples below illustrate the approach to configuring the various CPU models / features in QEMU and libvirt.

  QEMU command line

Host passthrough:

    qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu host

Host passthrough with feature customization:

    qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu host,vmx=off,...

Named CPU models:

    qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu Westmere

Named CPU models with feature customization:

    qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu Westmere,pcid=on,...

  Libvirt guest XML

Host passthrough:

    <cpu mode='host-passthrough'/>

Host passthrough with feature customization:

    <cpu mode='host-passthrough'>
        <feature name="vmx" policy="disable"/>
        ...
    </cpu>

Host model:

    <cpu mode='host-model'/>

Host model with feature customization:

    <cpu mode='host-model'>
        <feature name="vmx" policy="disable"/>
        ...
    </cpu>

Named model:

    <cpu mode='custom'>
        <model name="Westmere"/>
    </cpu>

Named model with feature customization:

    <cpu mode='custom'>
        <model name="Westmere"/>
        <feature name="pcid" policy="require"/>
        ...
    </cpu>

  Supported CPU model configurations on MIPS hosts

QEMU supports variety of MIPS CPU models:

  Supported CPU models for MIPS32 hosts

The following CPU models are supported for use on MIPS32 hosts. Administrators / applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.

mips32r6-generic
    MIPS32 Processor (Release 6, 2015)

P5600
    MIPS32 Processor (P5600, 2014)

M14K, M14Kc
    MIPS32 Processor (M14K, 2009)

74Kf
    MIPS32 Processor (74K, 2007)

34Kf
    MIPS32 Processor (34K, 2006)

24Kc, 24KEc, 24Kf
    MIPS32 Processor (24K, 2003)

4Kc, 4Km, 4KEcR1, 4KEmR1, 4KEc, 4KEm
    MIPS32 Processor (4K, 1999)

  Supported CPU models for MIPS64 hosts

The following CPU models are supported for use on MIPS64 hosts. Administrators / applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.

I6400
    MIPS64 Processor (Release 6, 2014)

Loongson-2E
    MIPS64 Processor (Loongson 2, 2006)

Loongson-2F
    MIPS64 Processor (Loongson 2, 2008)

Loongson-3A1000
    MIPS64 Processor (Loongson 3, 2010)

Loongson-3A4000
    MIPS64 Processor (Loongson 3, 2018)

mips64dspr2
    MIPS64 Processor (Release 2, 2006)

MIPS64R2-generic, 5KEc, 5KEf
    MIPS64 Processor (Release 2, 2002)

20Kc
    MIPS64 Processor (20K, 2000

5Kc, 5Kf
    MIPS64 Processor (5K, 1999)

VR5432
    MIPS64 Processor (VR, 1998)

R4000
    MIPS64 Processor (MIPS III, 1991)

  Supported CPU models for nanoMIPS hosts

The following CPU models are supported for use on nanoMIPS hosts. Administrators / applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.

I7200
    MIPS I7200 (nanoMIPS, 2018)

  Preferred CPU models for MIPS hosts

The following CPU models are preferred for use on different MIPS hosts:

MIPS III
    R4000

MIPS32R2
    34Kf

MIPS64R6
    I6400

nanoMIPS
    I7200

SEE ALSO

The HTML documentation of QEMU for more precise information and Linux user mode emulator invocation.

AUTHOR
The QEMU Project developers

COPYRIGHT
2025, The QEMU Project Developers