MYSQLBINLOG(1)

NAME
mysqlbinlog - utility for processing binary log files

SYNOPSIS

mysqlbinlog [options] log_file ...

DESCRIPTION

The server's binary log consists of files containing “events” that describe modifications to database contents. The server writes these files in binary format. To display their contents in text format, use the mysqlbinlog utility. You can also use mysqlbinlog to display the contents of relay log files written by a replica server in a replication setup because relay logs have the same format as binary logs. The binary log and relay log are discussed further in Section 7.4.4, “The Binary Log”, and Section 19.2.4, “Relay Log and Replication Metadata Repositories”.

Invoke mysqlbinlog like this:

    mysqlbinlog [options] log_file ...

For example, to display the contents of the binary log file named binlog.000003, use this command:

    mysqlbinlog binlog.000003

The output includes events contained in binlog.000003. For statement-based logging, event information includes the SQL statement, the ID of the server on which it was executed, the timestamp when the statement was executed, how much time it took, and so forth. For row-based logging, the event indicates a row change rather than an SQL statement. See Section 19.2.1, “Replication Formats”, for information about logging modes.

Events are preceded by header comments that provide additional information. For example:

    # at 141
    #100309  9:28:36 server id 123  end_log_pos 245
      Query thread_id=3350  exec_time=11  error_code=0

In the first line, the number following at indicates the file offset, or starting position, of the event in the binary log file.

The second line starts with a date and time indicating when the statement started on the server where the event originated. For replication, this timestamp is propagated to replica servers. server id is the server_id value of the server where the event originated. end_log_pos indicates where the next event starts (that is, it is the end position of the current event + 1). thread_id indicates which thread executed the event. exec_time is the time spent executing the event, on a replication source server. On a replica, it is the difference of the end execution time on the replica minus the beginning execution time on the source. The difference serves as an indicator of how much replication lags behind the source. error_code indicates the result from executing the event. Zero means that no error occurred.

    Note

    When using event groups, the file offsets of events may be grouped together and the comments of events may be grouped together. Do not mistake these grouped events for blank file offsets.

The output from mysqlbinlog can be re-executed (for example, by using it as input to mysql) to redo the statements in the log. This is useful for recovery operations after an unexpected server exit. For other usage examples, see the discussion later in this section and in Section 9.5, “Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery”. To execute the internal-use BINLOG statements used by mysqlbinlog, the user requires the BINLOG_ADMIN privilege (or the deprecated SUPER privilege), or the REPLICATION_APPLIER privilege plus the appropriate privileges to execute each log event.

You can use mysqlbinlog to read binary log files directly and apply them to the local MySQL server. You can also read binary logs from a remote server by using the --read-from-remote-server option. To read remote binary logs, the connection parameter options can be given to indicate how to connect to the server. These options are --host, --password, --port, --protocol, --socket, and --user.

When binary log files have been encrypted, which can be done from MySQL 8.0.14 onwards, mysqlbinlog cannot read them directly, but can read them from the server using the --read-from-remote-server option. Binary log files are encrypted when the server's binlog_encryption system variable is set to ON. The SHOW BINARY LOGS statement shows whether a particular binary log file is encrypted or unencrypted. Encrypted and unencrypted binary log files can also be distinguished using the magic number at the start of the file header for encrypted log files (0xFD62696E), which differs from that used for unencrypted log files (0xFE62696E). Note that from MySQL 8.0.14, mysqlbinlog returns a suitable error if you attempt to read an encrypted binary log file directly, but older versions of mysqlbinlog do not recognise the file as a binary log file at all. For more information on binary log encryption, see Section 19.3.2, “Encrypting Binary Log Files and Relay Log Files”.

When binary log transaction payloads have been compressed, which can be done from MySQL 8.0.20 onwards, mysqlbinlog versions from that release on automatically decompress and decode the transaction payloads, and print them as they would uncompressed events. Older versions of mysqlbinlog cannot read compressed transaction payloads. When the server's binlog_transaction_compression system variable is set to ON, transaction payloads are compressed and then written to the server's binary log file as a single event (a Transaction_payload_event). With the --verbose option, mysqlbinlog adds comments stating the compression algorithm used, the compressed payload size that was originally received, and the resulting payload size after decompression.

    Note

    The end position (end_log_pos) that mysqlbinlog states for an individual event that was part of a compressed transaction payload is the same as the end position of the original compressed payload. Multiple decompressed events can therefore have the same end position.

    mysqlbinlog's own connection compression does less if transaction payloads are already compressed, but still operates on uncompressed transactions and headers.

For more information on binary log transaction compression, see Section 7.4.4.5, “Binary Log Transaction Compression”.

When running mysqlbinlog against a large binary log, be careful that the filesystem has enough space for the resulting files. To configure the directory that mysqlbinlog uses for temporary files, use the TMPDIR environment variable.

mysqlbinlog sets the value of pseudo_replica_mode or pseudo_slave_mode to true before executing any SQL statements. This system variable affects the handling of XA transactions, the original_commit_timestamp replication delay timestamp and the original_server_version system variable, and unsupported SQL modes.

mysqlbinlog supports the following options, which can be specified on the command line or in the [mysqlbinlog] and [client] groups of an option file. For information about option files used by MySQL programs, see Section 6.2.2.2, “Using Option Files”.

    • --help, -?
    Command-Line Format | --help

    Display a help message and exit.

    • --base64-output=value
    Command-Line Format | --base64-output=value
    Type | String
    Default Value | AUTO
    Valid Values | AUTO NEVER DECODE-ROWS

    This option determines when events should be displayed encoded as base-64 strings using BINLOG statements. The option has these permissible values (not case-sensitive):

        • AUTO ("automatic") or UNSPEC ("unspecified") displays BINLOG statements automatically when necessary (that is, for format description events and row events). If no --base64-output option is given, the effect is the same as --base64-output=AUTO.

            Note
            Automatic BINLOG display is the only safe behavior if you intend to use the output of mysqlbinlog to re-execute binary log file contents. The other option values are intended only for debugging or testing purposes because they may produce output that does not include all events in executable form.

        • NEVER causes BINLOG statements not to be displayed. mysqlbinlog exits with an error if a row event is found that must be displayed using BINLOG.

        • DECODE-ROWS specifies to mysqlbinlog that you intend for row events to be decoded and displayed as commented SQL statements by also specifying the --verbose option. Like NEVER, DECODE-ROWS suppresses display of BINLOG statements, but unlike NEVER, it does not exit with an error if a row event is found.

    For examples that show the effect of --base64-output and --verbose on row event output, see the section called “MYSQLBINLOG ROW EVENT DISPLAY”.

    • --bind-address=ip_address
    Command-Line Format | --bind-address=ip_address

    On a computer having multiple network interfaces, use this option to select which interface to use for connecting to the MySQL server.

    • --binlog-row-event-max-size=N
    Command-Line Format | --binlog-row-event-max-size=#
    Type | Numeric
    Default Value | 4294967040
    Minimum Value | 256
    Maximum Value | 18446744073709547520

    Specify the maximum size of a row-based binary log event, in bytes. Rows are grouped into events smaller than this size if possible. The value should be a multiple of 256. The default is 4GB.

    • --character-sets-dir=dir_name
    Command-Line Format | --character-sets-dir=dir_name
    Type | Directory name

    The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 12.15, “Character Set Configuration”.

    • --compress
    Command-Line Format | --compress[={OFF|ON}]
    Introduced | 8.0.17
    Deprecated | 8.0.18
    Type | Boolean
    Default Value | OFF

    Compress all information sent between the client and the server if possible. See Section 6.2.8, “Connection Compression Control”.

    This option was added in MySQL 8.0.17. As of MySQL 8.0.18 it is deprecated. Expect it to be removed in a future version of MySQL. See the section called “Configuring Legacy Connection Compression”.

    • --compression-algorithms=value
    Command-Line Format | --compression-algorithms=value
    Introduced | 8.0.18
    Type | Set
    Default Value | uncompressed
    Valid Values | zlib zstd uncompressed

    The permitted compression algorithms for connections to the server. The available algorithms are the same as for the protocol_compression_algorithms system variable. The default value is uncompressed.

    For more information, see Section 6.2.8, “Connection Compression Control”.

    This option was added in MySQL 8.0.18.

    • --connection-server-id=server_id
    Command-Line Format | --connection-server-id=#]
    Type | Integer
    Default Value | 0 (1)
    Minimum Value | 0 (1)
    Maximum Value | 4294967295

    --connection-server-id specifies the server ID that mysqlbinlog reports when it connects to the server. It can be used to avoid a conflict with the ID of a replica server or another mysqlbinlog process.

    If the --read-from-remote-server option is specified, mysqlbinlog reports a server ID of 0, which tells the server to disconnect after sending the last log file (nonblocking behavior). If the --stop-never option is also specified to maintain the connection to the server, mysqlbinlog reports a server ID of 1 by default instead of 0, and --connection-server-id can be used to replace that server ID if required. See the section called “SPECIFYING THE MYSQLBINLOG SERVER ID”.

    • --database=db_name, -d db_name
    Command-Line Format | --database=db_name
    Type | String

    This option causes mysqlbinlog to output entries from the binary log (local log only) that occur while db_name is been selected as the default database by USE.

    The --database option for mysqlbinlog is similar to the --binlog-do-db option for mysqld, but can be used to specify only one database. If --database is given multiple times, only the last instance is used.

    The effects of this option depend on whether the statement-based or row-based logging format is in use, in the same way that the effects of --binlog-do-db depend on whether statement-based or row-based logging is in use.

    Statement-based logging. The --database option works as follows:

        • While db_name is the default database, statements are output whether they modify tables in db_name or a different database.

        • Unless db_name is selected as the default database, statements are not output, even if they modify tables in db_name.

        • There is an exception for CREATE DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE, and DROP DATABASE. The database being created, altered, or dropped is considered to be the default database when determining whether to output the statement.

    Suppose that the binary log was created by executing these statements using statement-based-logging:

        INSERT INTO test.t1 (i) VALUES(100);
        INSERT INTO db2.t2 (j)  VALUES(200);
        USE test;
        INSERT INTO test.t1 (i) VALUES(101);
        INSERT INTO t1 (i)      VALUES(102);
        INSERT INTO db2.t2 (j)  VALUES(201);
        USE db2;
        INSERT INTO test.t1 (i) VALUES(103);
        INSERT INTO db2.t2 (j)  VALUES(202);
        INSERT INTO t2 (j)      VALUES(203);

    mysqlbinlog --database=test does not output the first two INSERT statements because there is no default database. It outputs the three INSERT statements following USE test, but not the three INSERT statements following USE db2.

    mysqlbinlog --database=db2 does not output the first two INSERT statements because there is no default database. It does not output the three INSERT statements following USE test, but does output the three INSERT statements following USE db2.

    Row-based logging. mysqlbinlog outputs only entries that change tables belonging to db_name. The default database has no effect on this. Suppose that the binary log just described was created using row-based logging rather than statement-based logging. mysqlbinlog --database=test outputs only those entries that modify t1 in the test database, regardless of whether USE was issued or what the default database is. If a server is running with binlog_format set to MIXED and you want it to be possible to use mysqlbinlog with the --database option, you must ensure that tables that are modified are in the database selected by USE. (In particular, no cross-database updates should be used.)

    When used together with the --rewrite-db option, the --rewrite-db option is applied first; then the --database option is applied, using the rewritten database name. The order in which the options are provided makes no difference in this regard.

    • --debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options]
    Command-Line Format | --debug[=debug_options]
    Type | String
    Default Value | d:t:o,/tmp/mysqlbinlog.trace

    Write a debugging log. A typical debug_options string is d:t:o,file_name. The default is d:t:o,/tmp/mysqlbinlog.trace.

    This option is available only if MySQL was built using WITH_DEBUG. MySQL release binaries provided by Oracle are not built using this option.

    • --debug-check
    Command-Line Format | --debug-check
    Type | Boolean
    Default Value | FALSE

    Print some debugging information when the program exits.

    This option is available only if MySQL was built using WITH_DEBUG. MySQL release binaries provided by Oracle are not built using this option.

    • --debug-info
    Command-Line Format | --debug-info
    Type | Boolean
    Default Value | FALSE

    Print debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics when the program exits.

    This option is available only if MySQL was built using WITH_DEBUG. MySQL release binaries provided by Oracle are not built using this option.

    • --default-auth=plugin
    Command-Line Format | --default-auth=plugin
    Type | String

    A hint about which client-side authentication plugin to use. See Section 8.2.17, “Pluggable Authentication”.

    • --defaults-extra-file=file_name
    Command-Line Format | --defaults-extra-file=file_name
    Type | File name

    Read this option file after the global option file but (on Unix) before the user option file. If the file does not exist or is otherwise inaccessible, an error occurs. If file_name is not an absolute path name, it is interpreted relative to the current directory.

    For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 6.2.2.3, “Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling”.

    • --defaults-file=file_name
    Command-Line Format | --defaults-file=file_name
    Type | File name

    Use only the given option file. If the file does not exist or is otherwise inaccessible, an error occurs. If file_name is not an absolute path name, it is interpreted relative to the current directory.

    Exception: Even with --defaults-file, client programs read .mylogin.cnf.

    For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 6.2.2.3, “Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling”.

    • --defaults-group-suffix=str
    Command-Line Format | --defaults-group-suffix=str
    Type | String

    Read not only the usual option groups, but also groups with the usual names and a suffix of str. For example, mysqlbinlog normally reads the [client] and [mysqlbinlog] groups. If this option is given as --defaults-group-suffix=_other, mysqlbinlog also reads the [client_other] and [mysqlbinlog_other] groups.

    For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 6.2.2.3, “Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling”.

    • --disable-log-bin, -D
    Command-Line Format | --disable-log-bin

    Disable binary logging. This is useful for avoiding an endless loop if you use the --to-last-log option and are sending the output to the same MySQL server. This option also is useful when restoring after an unexpected exit to avoid duplication of the statements you have logged.

    This option causes mysqlbinlog to include a SET sql_log_bin = 0 statement in its output to disable binary logging of the remaining output. Manipulating the session value of the sql_log_bin system variable is a restricted operation, so this option requires that you have privileges sufficient to set restricted session variables. See Section 7.1.9.1, “System Variable Privileges”.

    • --exclude-gtids=gtid_set
    Command-Line Format | --exclude-gtids=gtid_set
    Type | String
    Default Value |

    Do not display any of the groups listed in the gtid_set.

    • --force-if-open, -F
    Command-Line Format | --force-if-open

    Read binary log files even if they are open or were not closed properly (IN_USE flag is set); do not fail if the file ends with a truncated event.

    The IN_USE flag is set only for the binary log that is currently written by the server; if the server has crashed, the flag remains set until the server is started up again and recovers the binary log. Without this option, mysqlbinlog refuses to process a file with this flag set. Since the server may be in the process of writing the file, truncation of the last event is considered normal.

    • --force-read, -f
    Command-Line Format | --force-read

    With this option, if mysqlbinlog reads a binary log event that it does not recognize, it prints a warning, ignores the event, and continues. Without this option, mysqlbinlog stops if it reads such an event.

    • --get-server-public-key
    Command-Line Format | --get-server-public-key
    Type | Boolean

    Request from the server the public key required for RSA key pair-based password exchange. This option applies to clients that authenticate with the caching_sha2_password authentication plugin. For that plugin, the server does not send the public key unless requested. This option is ignored for accounts that do not authenticate with that plugin. It is also ignored if RSA-based password exchange is not used, as is the case when the client connects to the server using a secure connection.

    If --server-public-key-path=file_name is given and specifies a valid public key file, it takes precedence over --get-server-public-key.

    For information about the caching_sha2_password plugin, see Section 8.4.1.2, “Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication”.

    • --hexdump, -H
    Command-Line Format | --hexdump

    Display a hex dump of the log in comments, as described in the section called “MYSQLBINLOG HEX DUMP FORMAT”. The hex output can be helpful for replication debugging.

    • --host=host_name, -h host_name
    Command-Line Format | --host=host_name
    Type | String
    Default Value | localhost

    Get the binary log from the MySQL server on the given host.

    • --idempotent
    Command-Line Format | --idempotent
    Type | Boolean
    Default Value | true

    Tell the MySQL Server to use idempotent mode while processing updates; this causes suppression of any duplicate-key or key-not-found errors that the server encounters in the current session while processing updates. This option may prove useful whenever it is desirable or necessary to replay one or more binary logs to a MySQL Server which may not contain all of the data to which the logs refer.

    The scope of effect for this option includes the current mysqlbinlog client and session only.

    • --include-gtids=gtid_set
    Command-Line Format | --include-gtids=gtid_set
    Type | String
    Default Value |

    Display only the groups listed in the gtid_set.

    • --local-load=dir_name, -l dir_name
    Command-Line Format | --local-load=dir_name
    Type | Directory name

    For data loading operations corresponding to LOAD DATA statements, mysqlbinlog extracts the files from the binary log events, writes them as temporary files to the local file system, and writes LOAD DATA LOCAL statements to cause the files to be loaded. By default, mysqlbinlog writes these temporary files to an operating system-specific directory. The --local-load option can be used to explicitly specify the directory where mysqlbinlog should prepare local temporary files.

    Because other processes can write files to the default system-specific directory, it is advisable to specify the --local-load option to mysqlbinlog to designate a different directory for data files, and then designate that same directory by specifying the --load-data-local-dir option to mysql when processing the output from mysqlbinlog. For example:

        mysqlbinlog --local-load=/my/local/data ...
            | mysql --load-data-local-dir=/my/local/data ...

        Important
        These temporary files are not automatically removed by mysqlbinlog or any other MySQL program.

    • --login-path=name
    Command-Line Format | --login-path=name
    Type | String

    Read options from the named login path in the .mylogin.cnf login path file. A “login path” is an option group containing options that specify which MySQL server to connect to and which account to authenticate as. To create or modify a login path file, use the mysql_config_editor utility. See mysql_config_editor(1).

    For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 6.2.2.3, “Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling”.

    • --no-defaults
    Command-Line Format | --no-defaults

    Do not read any option files. If program startup fails due to reading unknown options from an option file, --no-defaults can be used to prevent them from being read.

    The exception is that the .mylogin.cnf file is read in all cases, if it exists. This permits passwords to be specified in a safer way than on the command line even when --no-defaults is used. To create .mylogin.cnf, use the mysql_config_editor utility. See mysql_config_editor(1).

    For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 6.2.2.3, “Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling”.

    • --offset=N, -o N
    Command-Line Format | --offset=#
    Type | Numeric

    Skip the first N entries in the log.

    • --open-files-limit=N
    Command-Line Format | --open-files-limit=#
    Type | Numeric
    Default Value | 8
    Minimum Value | 1
    Maximum Value | [platform dependent]

    Specify the number of open file descriptors to reserve.

    • --password[=password], -p[password]
    Command-Line Format | --password[=password]
    Type | String

    The password of the MySQL account used for connecting to the server. The password value is optional. If not given, mysqlbinlog prompts for one. If given, there must be no space between --password= or -p and the password following it. If no password option is specified, the default is to send no password.

    Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. To avoid giving the password on the command line, use an option file. See Section 8.1.2.1, “End-User Guidelines for Password Security”.

    To explicitly specify that there is no password and that mysqlbinlog should not prompt for one, use the --skip-password option.

    • --plugin-dir=dir_name
    Command-Line Format | --plugin-dir=dir_name
    Type | Directory name

    The directory in which to look for plugins. Specify this option if the --default-auth option is used to specify an authentication plugin but mysqlbinlog does not find it. See Section 8.2.17, “Pluggable Authentication”.

    • --port=port_num, -P port_num
    Command-Line Format | --port=port_num
    Type | Numeric
    Default Value | 3306

    The TCP/IP port number to use for connecting to a remote server.

    • --print-defaults
    Command-Line Format | --print-defaults

    Print the program name and all options that it gets from option files.

    For additional information about this and other option-file options, see Section 6.2.2.3, “Command-Line Options that Affect Option-File Handling”.

    • --print-table-metadata
    Command-Line Format | --print-table-metadata

    Print table related metadata from the binary log. Configure the amount of table related metadata binary logged using binlog-row-metadata.

    • --protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}
    Command-Line Format | --protocol=type
    Type | String
    Default Value | [see text]
    Valid Values | TCP SOCKET PIPE MEMORY

    The transport protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is useful when the other connection parameters normally result in use of a protocol other than the one you want. For details on the permissible values, see Section 6.2.7, “Connection Transport Protocols”.

    • --raw
    Command-Line Format | --raw
    Type | Boolean
    Default Value | FALSE

    By default, mysqlbinlog reads binary log files and writes events in text format. The --raw option tells mysqlbinlog to write them in their original binary format. Its use requires that --read-from-remote-server also be used because the files are requested from a server. mysqlbinlog writes one output file for each file read from the server. The --raw option can be used to make a backup of a server's binary log. With the --stop-never option, the backup is “live” because mysqlbinlog stays connected to the server. By default, output files are written in the current directory with the same names as the original log files. Output file names can be modified using the --result-file option. For more information, see the section called “USING MYSQLBINLOG TO BACK UP BINARY LOG FILES”.

    • --read-from-remote-source=type
    Command-Line Format | --read-from-remote-source=type
    Introduced | 8.0.26

    From MySQL 8.0.26, use --read-from-remote-source, and before MySQL 8.0.26, use --read-from-remote-master. Both options have the same effect. The options read binary logs from a MySQL server with the COM_BINLOG_DUMP or COM_BINLOG_DUMP_GTID commands by setting the option value to either BINLOG-DUMP-NON-GTIDS or BINLOG-DUMP-GTIDS, respectively. If --read-from-remote-source=BINLOG-DUMP-GTIDS or --read-from-remote-master=BINLOG-DUMP-GTIDS is combined with --exclude-gtids, transactions can be filtered out on the source, avoiding unnecessary network traffic.

    The connection parameter options are used with these options or the --read-from-remote-server option. These options are --host, --password, --port, --protocol, --socket, and --user. If none of the remote options is specified, the connection parameter options are ignored.

    The REPLICATION SLAVE privilege is required to use these options.

    • --read-from-remote-master=type
    Command-Line Format | --read-from-remote-master=type
    Deprecated | 8.0.26

    Use this option before MySQL 8.0.26 rather than --read-from-remote-source. Both options have the same effect.

    • --read-from-remote-server=file_name, -R
    Command-Line Format | --read-from-remote-server=file_name

    Read the binary log from a MySQL server rather than reading a local log file. This option requires that the remote server be running. It works only for binary log files on the remote server and not relay log files. This accepts the binary log file name (including the numeric suffix) without the file path.

    The connection parameter options are used with this option or the --read-from-remote-master option. These options are --host, --password, --port, --protocol, --socket, and --user. If neither of the remote options is specified, the connection parameter options are ignored.

    The REPLICATION SLAVE privilege is required to use this option.

    This option is like --read-from-remote-master=BINLOG-DUMP-NON-GTIDS.

    • --result-file=name, -r name
    Command-Line Format | --result-file=name

    Without the --raw option, this option indicates the file to which mysqlbinlog writes text output. With --raw, mysqlbinlog writes one binary output file for each log file transferred from the server, writing them by default in the current directory using the same names as the original log file. In this case, the --result-file option value is treated as a prefix that modifies output file names.

    • --require-row-format
    Command-Line Format | --require-row-format
    Introduced | 8.0.19
    Type | Boolean
    Default Value | false

    Require row-based binary logging format for events. This option enforces row-based replication events for mysqlbinlog output. The stream of events produced with this option would be accepted by a replication channel that is secured using the REQUIRE_ROW_FORMAT option of the CHANGE REPLICATION SOURCE TO statement (from MySQL 8.0.23) or CHANGE MASTER TO statement (before MySQL 8.0.23). binlog_format=ROW must be set on the server where the binary log was written. When you specify this option, mysqlbinlog stops with an error message if it encounters any events that are disallowed under the REQUIRE_ROW_FORMAT restrictions, including LOAD DATA INFILE instructions, creating or dropping temporary tables, INTVAR, RAND, or USER_VAR events, and non-row-based events within a DML transaction. mysqlbinlog also prints a SET @@session.require_row_format statement at the start of its output to apply the restrictions when the output is executed, and does not print the SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id statement.

    This option was added in MySQL 8.0.19.

    • --rewrite-db='from_name->to_name'
    Command-Line Format | --rewrite-db='oldname->newname'
    Type | String
    Default Value | [none]

    When reading from a row-based or statement-based log, rewrite all occurrences of from_name to to_name. Rewriting is done on the rows, for row-based logs, as well as on the USE clauses, for statement-based logs.

        Warning
        Statements in which table names are qualified with database names are not rewritten to use the new name when using this option.

    The rewrite rule employed as a value for this option is a string having the form 'from_name->to_name', as shown previously, and for this reason must be enclosed by quotation marks.

    To employ multiple rewrite rules, specify the option multiple times, as shown here:

        mysqlbinlog --rewrite-db='dbcurrent->dbold' --rewrite-db='dbtest->dbcurrent' \
            binlog.00001 > /tmp/statements.sql

    When used together with the --database option, the --rewrite-db option is applied first; then --database option is applied, using the rewritten database name. The order in which the options are provided makes no difference in this regard.

    This means that, for example, if mysqlbinlog is started with --rewrite-db='mydb->yourdb' --database=yourdb, then all updates to any tables in databases mydb and yourdb are included in the output. On the other hand, if it is started with --rewrite-db='mydb->yourdb' --database=mydb, then mysqlbinlog outputs no statements at all: since all updates to mydb are first rewritten as updates to yourdb before applying the --database option, there remain no updates that match --database=mydb.

    • --server-id=id
    Command-Line Format | --server-id=id
    Type | Numeric

    Display only those events created by the server having the given server ID.

    • --server-id-bits=N
    Command-Line Format | --server-id-bits=#
    Type | Numeric
    Default Value | 32
    Minimum Value | 7
    Maximum Value | 32

    Use only the first N bits of the server_id to identify the server. If the binary log was written by a mysqld with server-id-bits set to less than 32 and user data stored in the most significant bit, running mysqlbinlog with --server-id-bits set to 32 enables this data to be seen.

    This option is supported only by the version of mysqlbinlog supplied with the NDB Cluster distribution, or built with NDB Cluster support.

    • --server-public-key-path=file_name
    Command-Line Format | --server-public-key-path=file_name
    Type | File name

    The path name to a file in PEM format containing a client-side copy of the public key required by the server for RSA key pair-based password exchange. This option applies to clients that authenticate with the sha256_password or caching_sha2_password authentication plugin. This option is ignored for accounts that do not authenticate with one of those plugins. It is also ignored if RSA-based password exchange is not used, as is the case when the client connects to the server using a secure connection.

    If --server-public-key-path=file_name is given and specifies a valid public key file, it takes precedence over --get-server-public-key.

    For sha256_password, this option applies only if MySQL was built using OpenSSL.

    For information about the sha256_password and caching_sha2_password plugins, see Section 8.4.1.3, “SHA-256 Pluggable Authentication”, and Section 8.4.1.2, “Caching SHA-2 Pluggable Authentication”.

    • --set-charset=charset_name
    Command-Line Format | --set-charset=charset_name
    Type | String

    Add a SET NAMES charset_name statement to the output to specify the character set to be used for processing log files.

    • --shared-memory-base-name=name
    Command-Line Format | --shared-memory-base-name=name
    Platform Specific | Windows

    On Windows, the shared-memory name to use for connections made using shared memory to a local server. The default value is MYSQL. The shared-memory name is case-sensitive.

    This option applies only if the server was started with the shared_memory system variable enabled to support shared-memory connections.

    • --short-form, -s
    Command-Line Format | --short-form

    Display only the statements contained in the log, without any extra information or row-based events. This is for testing only, and should not be used in production systems. It is deprecated, and you should expect it to be removed in a future release.

    • --skip-gtids[=(true|false)]
    Command-Line Format | --skip-gtids[=true|false]
    Type | Boolean
    Default Value | false

    Do not include the GTIDs from the binary log files in the output dump file. For example:

        mysqlbinlog --skip-gtids binlog.000001 >  /tmp/dump.sql
        mysql -u root -p -e "source /tmp/dump.sql"

    You should not normally use this option in production or in recovery, except in the specific, and rare, scenarios where the GTIDs are actively unwanted. For example, an administrator might want to duplicate selected transactions (such as table definitions) from a deployment to another, unrelated, deployment that will not replicate to or from the original. In that scenario, --skip-gtids can be used to enable the administrator to apply the transactions as if they were new, and ensure that the deployments remain unrelated. However, you should only use this option if the inclusion of the GTIDs causes a known issue for your use case.

    • --socket=path, -S path
    Command-Line Format | --socket={file_name|pipe_name}
    Type | String

    For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

    On Windows, this option applies only if the server was started with the named_pipe system variable enabled to support named-pipe connections. In addition, the user making the connection must be a member of the Windows group specified by the named_pipe_full_access_group system variable.

    • --ssl* Options that begin with --ssl specify whether to connect to the server using encryption and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See the section called “Command Options for Encrypted Connections”.

    • --ssl-fips-mode={OFF|ON|STRICT}
    Command-Line Format | --ssl-fips-mode={OFF|ON|STRICT}
    Deprecated | 8.0.34
    Type | Enumeration
    Default Value | OFF
    Valid Values | OFF ON STRICT

    Controls whether to enable FIPS mode on the client side. The --ssl-fips-mode option differs from other --ssl-xxx options in that it is not used to establish encrypted connections, but rather to affect which cryptographic operations to permit. See Section 8.8, “FIPS Support”.

    These --ssl-fips-mode values are permitted:

        • OFF: Disable FIPS mode.

        • ON: Enable FIPS mode.

        • STRICT: Enable “strict” FIPS mode.

        Note
        If the OpenSSL FIPS Object Module is not available, the only permitted value for --ssl-fips-mode is OFF. In this case, setting --ssl-fips-mode to ON or STRICT causes the client to produce a warning at startup and to operate in non-FIPS mode.

    As of MySQL 8.0.34, this option is deprecated. Expect it to be removed in a future version of MySQL.

    • --start-datetime=datetime
    Command-Line Format | --start-datetime=datetime
    Type | Datetime

    Start reading the binary log at the first event having a timestamp equal to or later than the datetime argument. The datetime value is relative to the local time zone on the machine where you run mysqlbinlog. The value should be in a format accepted for the DATETIME or TIMESTAMP data types. For example:

        mysqlbinlog --start-datetime="2005-12-25 11:25:56" binlog.000003

    This option is useful for point-in-time recovery. See Section 9.5, “Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery”.

    • --start-position=N, -j N
    Command-Line Format | --start-position=#
    Type | Numeric

    Start decoding the binary log at the log position N, including in the output any events that begin at position N or after. The position is a byte point in the log file, not an event counter; it needs to point to the starting position of an event to generate useful output. This option applies to the first log file named on the command line.

    Prior to MySQL 8.0.33, the maximum value supported for this option was 4294967295 (232-1). In MySQL 8.0.33 and later, it is 18446744073709551616 (264-1), unless --read-from-remote-server or --read-from-remote-source is also used, in which case the maximum is 4294967295.

    This option is useful for point-in-time recovery. See Section 9.5, “Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery”.

    • --stop-datetime=datetime
    Command-Line Format | --stop-datetime=datetime

    Stop reading the binary log at the first event having a timestamp equal to or later than the datetime argument. See the description of the --start-datetime option for information about the datetime value.

    This option is useful for point-in-time recovery. See Section 9.5, “Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery”.

    • --stop-never
    Command-Line Format | --stop-never
    Type | Boolean
    Default Value | FALSE

    This option is used with --read-from-remote-server. It tells mysqlbinlog to remain connected to the server. Otherwise mysqlbinlog exits when the last log file has been transferred from the server. --stop-never implies --to-last-log, so only the first log file to transfer need be named on the command line.

    --stop-never is commonly used with --raw to make a live binary log backup, but also can be used without --raw to maintain a continuous text display of log events as the server generates them.

    With --stop-never, by default, mysqlbinlog reports a server ID of 1 when it connects to the server. Use --connection-server-id to explicitly specify an alternative ID to report. It can be used to avoid a conflict with the ID of a replica server or another mysqlbinlog process. See the section called “SPECIFYING THE MYSQLBINLOG SERVER ID”.

    • --stop-never-slave-server-id=id
    Command-Line Format | --stop-never-slave-server-id=#
    Type | Numeric
    Default Value | 65535
    Minimum Value | 1

    This option is deprecated; expect it to be removed in a future release. Use the --connection-server-id option instead to specify a server ID for mysqlbinlog to report.

    • --stop-position=N
    Command-Line Format | --stop-position=#
    Type | Numeric

    Stop decoding the binary log at the log position N, excluding from the output any events that begin at position N or after. The position is a byte point in the log file, not an event counter; it needs to point to a spot after the starting position of the last event you want to include in the output. The event starting before position N and finishing at or after the position is the last event to be processed. This option applies to the last log file named on the command line.

    This option is useful for point-in-time recovery. See Section 9.5, “Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery”.

    • --tls-ciphersuites=ciphersuite_list
    Command-Line Format | --tls-ciphersuites=ciphersuite_list
    Introduced | 8.0.16
    Type | String

    The permissible ciphersuites for encrypted connections that use TLSv1.3. The value is a list of one or more colon-separated ciphersuite names. The ciphersuites that can be named for this option depend on the SSL library used to compile MySQL. For details, see Section 8.3.2, “Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers”.

    This option was added in MySQL 8.0.16.

    • --tls-version=protocol_list
    Command-Line Format | --tls-version=protocol_list
    Type | String
    Default Value (≥ 8.0.16) | TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3 (OpenSSL 1.1.1 or higher) TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2 (otherwise)
    Default Value (≤ 8.0.15) | TLSv1,TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2

    The permissible TLS protocols for encrypted connections. The value is a list of one or more comma-separated protocol names. The protocols that can be named for this option depend on the SSL library used to compile MySQL. For details, see Section 8.3.2, “Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers”.

    • --to-last-log, -t
    Command-Line Format | --to-last-log

    Do not stop at the end of the requested binary log from a MySQL server, but rather continue printing until the end of the last binary log. If you send the output to the same MySQL server, this may lead to an endless loop. This option requires --read-from-remote-server.

    • --user=user_name, -u user_name
    Command-Line Format | --user=user_name,
    Type | String

    The user name of the MySQL account to use when connecting to a remote server.

    If you are using the Rewriter plugin with MySQL 8.0.31 or later, you should grant this user the SKIP_QUERY_REWRITE privilege.

    • --verbose, -v
    Command-Line Format | --verbose

    Reconstruct row events and display them as commented SQL statements, with table partition information where applicable. If this option is given twice (by passing in either "-vv" or "--verbose --verbose"), the output includes comments to indicate column data types and some metadata, and informational log events such as row query log events if the binlog_rows_query_log_events system variable is set to TRUE.

    For examples that show the effect of --base64-output and --verbose on row event output, see the section called “MYSQLBINLOG ROW EVENT DISPLAY”.

    • --verify-binlog-checksum, -c
    Command-Line Format | --verify-binlog-checksum

    Verify checksums in binary log files.

    • --version, -V
    Command-Line Format | --version

    Display version information and exit.

    Unlike the case with previous versions of MySQL, the version number shown by mysqlbinlog when using this option is the same as the MySQL Server version.

    • --zstd-compression-level=level
    Command-Line Format | --zstd-compression-level=#
    Introduced | 8.0.18
    Type | Integer

    The compression level to use for connections to the server that use the zstd compression algorithm. The permitted levels are from 1 to 22, with larger values indicating increasing levels of compression. The default zstd compression level is 3. The compression level setting has no effect on connections that do not use zstd compression.

    For more information, see Section 6.2.8, “Connection Compression Control”.

    This option was added in MySQL 8.0.18.

You can pipe the output of mysqlbinlog into the mysql client to execute the events contained in the binary log. This technique is used to recover from an unexpected exit when you have an old backup (see Section 9.5, “Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery”). For example:

    mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 | mysql -u root -p

Or:

    mysqlbinlog binlog.[0-9]* | mysql -u root -p

If the statements produced by mysqlbinlog may contain BLOB values, these may cause problems when mysql processes them. In this case, invoke mysql with the --binary-mode option.

You can also redirect the output of mysqlbinlog to a text file instead, if you need to modify the statement log first (for example, to remove statements that you do not want to execute for some reason). After editing the file, execute the statements that it contains by using it as input to the mysql program:

    mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 > tmpfile
    ... edit tmpfile ...
    mysql -u root -p < tmpfile

When mysqlbinlog is invoked with the --start-position option, it displays only those events with an offset in the binary log greater than or equal to a given position (the given position must match the start of one event). It also has options to stop and start when it sees an event with a given date and time. This enables you to perform point-in-time recovery using the --stop-datetime option (to be able to say, for example, “roll forward my databases to how they were today at 10:30 a.m.”).

Processing multiple files. If you have more than one binary log to execute on the MySQL server, the safe method is to process them all using a single connection to the server. Here is an example that demonstrates what may be unsafe:

    mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 | mysql -u root -p # DANGER!!
    mysqlbinlog binlog.000002 | mysql -u root -p # DANGER!!

Processing binary logs this way using multiple connections to the server causes problems if the first log file contains a CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statement and the second log contains a statement that uses the temporary table. When the first mysql process terminates, the server drops the temporary table. When the second mysql process attempts to use the table, the server reports “unknown table.”

To avoid problems like this, use a single mysql process to execute the contents of all binary logs that you want to process. Here is one way to do so:

    mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 binlog.000002 | mysql -u root -p

Another approach is to write all the logs to a single file and then process the file:

    mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 >  /tmp/statements.sql
    mysqlbinlog binlog.000002 >> /tmp/statements.sql
    mysql -u root -p -e "source /tmp/statements.sql"

From MySQL 8.0.12, you can also supply multiple binary log files to mysqlbinlog as streamed input using a shell pipe. An archive of compressed binary log files can be decompressed and provided directly to mysqlbinlog. In this example, binlog-files_1.gz contains multiple binary log files for processing. The pipeline extracts the contents of binlog-files_1.gz, pipes the binary log files to mysqlbinlog as standard input, and pipes the output of mysqlbinlog into the mysql client for execution:

    gzip -cd binlog-files_1.gz | ./mysqlbinlog - | ./mysql -uroot  -p

You can specify more than one archive file, for example:

    gzip -cd binlog-files_1.gz binlog-files_2.gz | ./mysqlbinlog - | ./mysql -uroot  -p

For streamed input, do not use --stop-position, because mysqlbinlog cannot identify the last log file to apply this option.

LOAD DATA operations. mysqlbinlog can produce output that reproduces a LOAD DATA operation without the original data file. mysqlbinlog copies the data to a temporary file and writes a LOAD DATA LOCAL statement that refers to the file. The default location of the directory where these files are written is system-specific. To specify a directory explicitly, use the --local-load option.

Because mysqlbinlog converts LOAD DATA statements to LOAD DATA LOCAL statements (that is, it adds LOCAL), both the client and the server that you use to process the statements must be configured with the LOCAL capability enabled. See Section 8.1.6, “Security Considerations for LOAD DATA LOCAL”.

    Warning

    The temporary files created for LOAD DATA LOCAL statements are not automatically deleted because they are needed until you actually execute those statements. You should delete the temporary files yourself after you no longer need the statement log. The files can be found in the temporary file directory and have names like original_file_name-#-#.

MYSQLBINLOG HEX DUMP FORMAT

The --hexdump option causes mysqlbinlog to produce a hex dump of the binary log contents:

    mysqlbinlog --hexdump source-bin.000001

The hex output consists of comment lines beginning with #, so the output might look like this for the preceding command:

    /*!40019 SET @@SESSION.max_insert_delayed_threads=0*/;
    /*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
    # at 4
    #051024 17:24:13 server id 1  end_log_pos 98
    # Position  Timestamp   Type   Master ID        Size      Master Pos    Flags
    # 00000004 9d fc 5c 43   0f   01 00 00 00   5e 00 00 00   62 00 00 00   00 00
    # 00000017 04 00 35 2e 30 2e 31 35  2d 64 65 62 75 67 2d 6c |..5.0.15.debug.l|
    # 00000027 6f 67 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |og..............|
    # 00000037 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
    # 00000047 00 00 00 00 9d fc 5c 43  13 38 0d 00 08 00 12 00 |.......C.8......|
    # 00000057 04 04 04 04 12 00 00 4b  00 04 1a                |.......K...|
    #       Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.0.15-debug-log created 051024 17:24:13
    #       at startup
    ROLLBACK;

Hex dump output currently contains the elements in the following list. This format is subject to change. For more information about binary log format, see MySQL Internals: The Binary Log[1].

    • Position: The byte position within the log file.

    • Timestamp: The event timestamp. In the example shown, '9d fc 5c 43' is the representation of '051024 17:24:13' in hexadecimal.

    • Type: The event type code.

    • Master ID: The server ID of the replication source server that created the event.

    • Size: The size in bytes of the event.

    • Master Pos: The position of the next event in the original source log file.

    • Flags: Event flag values.

MYSQLBINLOG ROW EVENT DISPLAY

The following examples illustrate how mysqlbinlog displays row events that specify data modifications. These correspond to events with the WRITE_ROWS_EVENT, UPDATE_ROWS_EVENT, and DELETE_ROWS_EVENT type codes. The --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS and --verbose options may be used to affect row event output.

Suppose that the server is using row-based binary logging and that you execute the following sequence of statements:

    CREATE TABLE t
    (
      id   INT NOT NULL,
      name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
      date DATE NULL
    ) ENGINE = InnoDB;
    START TRANSACTION;
    INSERT INTO t VALUES(1, 'apple', NULL);
    UPDATE t SET name = 'pear', date = '2009-01-01' WHERE id = 1;
    DELETE FROM t WHERE id = 1;
    COMMIT;

By default, mysqlbinlog displays row events encoded as base-64 strings using BINLOG statements. Omitting extraneous lines, the output for the row events produced by the preceding statement sequence looks like this:

    $> mysqlbinlog log_file
    ...
    # at 218
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 258   Write_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAANoAAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBcBAAAAKAAAAAIBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//8AQAAAAVhcHBsZQ==
    '/*!*/;
    ...
    # at 302
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 356   Update_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAC4BAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBgBAAAANgAAAGQBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA////AEAAAAFYXBwbGX4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP
    '/*!*/;
    ...
    # at 400
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 442   Delete_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAJABAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBkBAAAAKgAAALoBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP
    '/*!*/;

To see the row events as comments in the form of “pseudo-SQL” statements, run mysqlbinlog with the --verbose or -v option. This output level also shows table partition information where applicable. The output contains lines beginning with ###:

    $> mysqlbinlog -v log_file
    ...
    # at 218
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 258   Write_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAANoAAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBcBAAAAKAAAAAIBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//8AQAAAAVhcHBsZQ==
    '/*!*/;
    ### INSERT INTO test.t
    ### SET
    ###   @1=1
    ###   @2='apple'
    ###   @3=NULL
    ...
    # at 302
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 356   Update_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAC4BAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBgBAAAANgAAAGQBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA////AEAAAAFYXBwbGX4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP
    '/*!*/;
    ### UPDATE test.t
    ### WHERE
    ###   @1=1
    ###   @2='apple'
    ###   @3=NULL
    ### SET
    ###   @1=1
    ###   @2='pear'
    ###   @3='2009:01:01'
    ...
    # at 400
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 442   Delete_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAJABAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBkBAAAAKgAAALoBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP
    '/*!*/;
    ### DELETE FROM test.t
    ### WHERE
    ###   @1=1
    ###   @2='pear'
    ###   @3='2009:01:01'

Specify --verbose or -v twice to also display data types and some metadata for each column, and informational log events such as row query log events if the binlog_rows_query_log_events system variable is set to TRUE. The output contains an additional comment following each column change:

    $> mysqlbinlog -vv log_file
    ...
    # at 218
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 258   Write_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAANoAAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBcBAAAAKAAAAAIBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//8AQAAAAVhcHBsZQ==
    '/*!*/;
    ### INSERT INTO test.t
    ### SET
    ###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
    ###   @2='apple' /* VARSTRING(20) meta=20 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
    ###   @3=NULL /* VARSTRING(20) meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=1 */
    ...
    # at 302
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 356   Update_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAC4BAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBgBAAAANgAAAGQBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA////AEAAAAFYXBwbGX4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP
    '/*!*/;
    ### UPDATE test.t
    ### WHERE
    ###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
    ###   @2='apple' /* VARSTRING(20) meta=20 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
    ###   @3=NULL /* VARSTRING(20) meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=1 */
    ### SET
    ###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
    ###   @2='pear' /* VARSTRING(20) meta=20 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
    ###   @3='2009:01:01' /* DATE meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
    ...
    # at 400
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 442   Delete_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    BINLOG '
    fAS3SBMBAAAALAAAAJABAAAAABEAAAAAAAAABHRlc3QAAXQAAwMPCgIUAAQ=
    fAS3SBkBAAAAKgAAALoBAAAQABEAAAAAAAEAA//4AQAAAARwZWFyIbIP
    '/*!*/;
    ### DELETE FROM test.t
    ### WHERE
    ###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
    ###   @2='pear' /* VARSTRING(20) meta=20 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
    ###   @3='2009:01:01' /* DATE meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */

You can tell mysqlbinlog to suppress the BINLOG statements for row events by using the --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS option. This is similar to --base64-output=NEVER but does not exit with an error if a row event is found. The combination of --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS and --verbose provides a convenient way to see row events only as SQL statements:

    $> mysqlbinlog -v --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS log_file
    ...
    # at 218
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 258   Write_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    ### INSERT INTO test.t
    ### SET
    ###   @1=1
    ###   @2='apple'
    ###   @3=NULL
    ...
    # at 302
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 356   Update_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    ### UPDATE test.t
    ### WHERE
    ###   @1=1
    ###   @2='apple'
    ###   @3=NULL
    ### SET
    ###   @1=1
    ###   @2='pear'
    ###   @3='2009:01:01'
    ...
    # at 400
    #080828 15:03:08 server id 1  end_log_pos 442   Delete_rows: table id 17 flags: STMT_END_F
    ### DELETE FROM test.t
    ### WHERE
    ###   @1=1
    ###   @2='pear'
    ###   @3='2009:01:01'

    Note

    You should not suppress BINLOG statements if you intend to re-execute mysqlbinlog output.

The SQL statements produced by --verbose for row events are much more readable than the corresponding BINLOG statements. However, they do not correspond exactly to the original SQL statements that generated the events. The following limitations apply:

    • The original column names are lost and replaced by @N, where N is a column number.

    • Character set information is not available in the binary log, which affects string column display:

        • There is no distinction made between corresponding binary and nonbinary string types (BINARY and CHAR, VARBINARY and VARCHAR, BLOB and TEXT). The output uses a data type of STRING for fixed-length strings and VARSTRING for variable-length strings.

        • For multibyte character sets, the maximum number of bytes per character is not present in the binary log, so the length for string types is displayed in bytes rather than in characters. For example, STRING(4) is used as the data type for values from either of these column types:

            CHAR(4) CHARACTER SET latin1
            CHAR(2) CHARACTER SET ucs2

        • Due to the storage format for events of type UPDATE_ROWS_EVENT, UPDATE statements are displayed with the WHERE clause preceding the SET clause.

Proper interpretation of row events requires the information from the format description event at the beginning of the binary log. Because mysqlbinlog does not know in advance whether the rest of the log contains row events, by default it displays the format description event using a BINLOG statement in the initial part of the output.

If the binary log is known not to contain any events requiring a BINLOG statement (that is, no row events), the --base64-output=NEVER option can be used to prevent this header from being written.

USING MYSQLBINLOG TO BACK UP BINARY LOG FILES

By default, mysqlbinlog reads binary log files and displays their contents in text format. This enables you to examine events within the files more easily and to re-execute them (for example, by using the output as input to mysql). mysqlbinlog can read log files directly from the local file system, or, with the --read-from-remote-server option, it can connect to a server and request binary log contents from that server. mysqlbinlog writes text output to its standard output, or to the file named as the value of the --result-file=file_name option if that option is given.

    • mysqlbinlog Backup Capabilities

    • mysqlbinlog Backup Options

    • Static and Live Backups

    • Output File Naming

    • Example: mysqldump + mysqlbinlog for Backup and Restore

    • mysqlbinlog Backup Restrictions
mysqlbinlog Backup Capabilities

mysqlbinlog can read binary log files and write new files containing the same content—that is, in binary format rather than text format. This capability enables you to easily back up a binary log in its original format. mysqlbinlog can make a static backup, backing up a set of log files and stopping when the end of the last file is reached. It can also make a continuous (“live”) backup, staying connected to the server when it reaches the end of the last log file and continuing to copy new events as they are generated. In continuous-backup operation, mysqlbinlog runs until the connection ends (for example, when the server exits) or mysqlbinlog is forcibly terminated. When the connection ends, mysqlbinlog does not wait and retry the connection, unlike a replica server. To continue a live backup after the server has been restarted, you must also restart mysqlbinlog.

    Important

    mysqlbinlog can back up both encrypted and unencrypted binary log files . However, copies of encrypted binary log files that are generated using mysqlbinlog are stored in an unencrypted format.

mysqlbinlog Backup Options

Binary log backup requires that you invoke mysqlbinlog with two options at minimum:

    • The --read-from-remote-server (or -R) option tells mysqlbinlog to connect to a server and request its binary log. (This is similar to a replica server connecting to its replication source server.)

    • The --raw option tells mysqlbinlog to write raw (binary) output, not text output.

Along with --read-from-remote-server, it is common to specify other options: --host indicates where the server is running, and you may also need to specify connection options such as --user and --password.

Several other options are useful in conjunction with --raw:

    • --stop-never: Stay connected to the server after reaching the end of the last log file and continue to read new events.

    • --connection-server-id=id: The server ID that mysqlbinlog reports when it connects to a server. When --stop-never is used, the default reported server ID is 1. If this causes a conflict with the ID of a replica server or another mysqlbinlog process, use --connection-server-id to specify an alternative server ID. See the section called “SPECIFYING THE MYSQLBINLOG SERVER ID”.

    • --result-file: A prefix for output file names, as described later.
Static and Live Backups

To back up a server's binary log files with mysqlbinlog, you must specify file names that actually exist on the server. If you do not know the names, connect to the server and use the SHOW BINARY LOGS statement to see the current names. Suppose that the statement produces this output:

    mysql> SHOW BINARY LOGS;
    +---------------+-----------+-----------+
    | Log_name      | File_size | Encrypted |
    +---------------+-----------+-----------+
    | binlog.000130 |     27459 | No        |
    | binlog.000131 |     13719 | No        |
    | binlog.000132 |     43268 | No        |
    +---------------+-----------+-----------+

With that information, you can use mysqlbinlog to back up the binary log to the current directory as follows (enter each command on a single line):

    • To make a static backup of binlog.000130 through binlog.000132, use either of these commands:

        mysqlbinlog --read-from-remote-server --host=host_name --raw
          binlog.000130 binlog.000131 binlog.000132
        mysqlbinlog --read-from-remote-server --host=host_name --raw
          --to-last-log binlog.000130

    The first command specifies every file name explicitly. The second names only the first file and uses --to-last-log to read through the last. A difference between these commands is that if the server happens to open binlog.000133 before mysqlbinlog reaches the end of binlog.000132, the first command does not read it, but the second command does.

    • To make a live backup in which mysqlbinlog starts with binlog.000130 to copy existing log files, then stays connected to copy new events as the server generates them:

        mysqlbinlog --read-from-remote-server --host=host_name --raw
          --stop-never binlog.000130

    With --stop-never, it is not necessary to specify --to-last-log to read to the last log file because that option is implied.
Output File Naming

Without --raw, mysqlbinlog produces text output and the --result-file option, if given, specifies the name of the single file to which all output is written. With --raw, mysqlbinlog writes one binary output file for each log file transferred from the server. By default, mysqlbinlog writes the files in the current directory with the same names as the original log files. To modify the output file names, use the --result-file option. In conjunction with --raw, the --result-file option value is treated as a prefix that modifies the output file names.

Suppose that a server currently has binary log files named binlog.000999 and up. If you use mysqlbinlog --raw to back up the files, the --result-file option produces output file names as shown in the following table. You can write the files to a specific directory by beginning the --result-file value with the directory path. If the --result-file value consists only of a directory name, the value must end with the pathname separator character. Output files are overwritten if they exist.
--result-file Option | Output File Names
--result-file=x | xbinlog.000999 and up
--result-file=/tmp/ | /tmp/binlog.000999 and up
--result-file=/tmp/x | /tmp/xbinlog.000999 and up

Example: mysqldump + mysqlbinlog for Backup and Restore

The following example describes a simple scenario that shows how to use mysqldump and mysqlbinlog together to back up a server's data and binary log, and how to use the backup to restore the server if data loss occurs. The example assumes that the server is running on host host_name and its first binary log file is named binlog.000999. Enter each command on a single line.

Use mysqlbinlog to make a continuous backup of the binary log:

    mysqlbinlog --read-from-remote-server --host=host_name --raw
      --stop-never binlog.000999

Use mysqldump to create a dump file as a snapshot of the server's data. Use --all-databases, --events, and --routines to back up all data, and --master-data=2 to include the current binary log coordinates in the dump file.

    mysqldump --host=host_name --all-databases --events --routines --master-data=2> dump_file

Execute the mysqldump command periodically to create newer snapshots as desired.

If data loss occurs (for example, if the server unexpectedly exits), use the most recent dump file to restore the data:

    mysql --host=host_name -u root -p < dump_file

Then use the binary log backup to re-execute events that were written after the coordinates listed in the dump file. Suppose that the coordinates in the file look like this:

    -- CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='binlog.001002', MASTER_LOG_POS=27284;

If the most recent backed-up log file is named binlog.001004, re-execute the log events like this:

    mysqlbinlog --start-position=27284 binlog.001002 binlog.001003 binlog.001004
      | mysql --host=host_name -u root -p

You might find it easier to copy the backup files (dump file and binary log files) to the server host to make it easier to perform the restore operation, or if MySQL does not allow remote root access. mysqlbinlog Backup Restrictions

Binary log backups with mysqlbinlog are subject to these restrictions:

    • mysqlbinlog does not automatically reconnect to the MySQL server if the connection is lost (for example, if a server restart occurs or there is a network outage).

    • The delay for a backup is similar to the delay for a replica server.

SPECIFYING THE MYSQLBINLOG SERVER ID

When invoked with the --read-from-remote-server option, mysqlbinlog connects to a MySQL server, specifies a server ID to identify itself, and requests binary log files from the server. You can use mysqlbinlog to request log files from a server in several ways:

    • Specify an explicitly named set of files: For each file, mysqlbinlog connects and issues a Binlog dump command. The server sends the file and disconnects. There is one connection per file.

    • Specify the beginning file and --to-last-log: mysqlbinlog connects and issues a Binlog dump command for all files. The server sends all files and disconnects.

    • Specify the beginning file and --stop-never (which implies --to-last-log): mysqlbinlog connects and issues a Binlog dump command for all files. The server sends all files, but does not disconnect after sending the last one.

With --read-from-remote-server only, mysqlbinlog connects using a server ID of 0, which tells the server to disconnect after sending the last requested log file.

With --read-from-remote-server and --stop-never, mysqlbinlog connects using a nonzero server ID, so the server does not disconnect after sending the last log file. The server ID is 1 by default, but this can be changed with --connection-server-id.

Thus, for the first two ways of requesting files, the server disconnects because mysqlbinlog specifies a server ID of 0. It does not disconnect if --stop-never is given because mysqlbinlog specifies a nonzero server ID.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright © 1997, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it only under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.

This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

NOTES

1.  MySQL Internals: The Binary Log
    https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/binary-log.html

SEE ALSO
For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/.

AUTHOR
Oracle Corporation (http://dev.mysql.com/).